Water Quality; Wastewater Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water Quality; Wastewater Management - Essay Example The wastewater having exceptionally high measure of broke up BOD or COD would require either natural treatment forms, as actuated ooze treatment, streaming channels upflow anaerobic muck treatment, or compound treatment units like coagulation strategies, filtration with particle trade and so forth. These strategies would not be satisfactory for complete disposal of the broke down polluting influences. For instance on account of civil wastewater, the optional treatment would brings about the decrease of natural piece of the all out contaminants broke up in it. Then again, the toxins like nitrates and phosphates or bacterial/microbiological sullying would not be completely evacuated utilizing these techniques. Consequently, propelled treatment activities are moreover required for the evacuation of the previously mentioned contaminations (Malzer, 2002). The treatment forms utilized in such circumstances are delegated the tertiary treatment. The procedures are normally nitrification and denitrification units which are likewise natural strategies embraced with the assistance of bacterial mass. Then again, phosphates also need specific treatment units for its expulsion. Further, if the goal is to dispose of the bacterial pollution, cleansing frameworks should be given properly as the tertiary unit activity. Hence the strategies utilized under the optional and tertiary treatment units are of numerous sorts and each having diverse reason. Along these lines in a commonplace treatment framework where the auxiliary tasks are reliant on the actuated muck plants, the activities comprise of a progression of entomb connected units having a settling bowl where the ooze is isolated from the rewarded water, following by slime thickening, ooze drying and slop removal. The rewarded water from the settling tank denotes the finish of auxiliary treatment activities the water would even now

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example In any case, experiencing further to their discoveries, it became more clear that web compulsion seems to be a psychological issue. With respect to the topic of policymakers going for treatment, and considering web habit as a confusion, as opposed to detainment of hacking cases, I figure it would be a superior arrangement since improvement of these strategies won't just advantage the individuals who carry out digital wrongdoings, yet additionally the individuals who have neglected to carry on with a typical human life. The investigation of the kid who had a decent aim utilizing the web, doesn't contrast much from a programmer, in light of the fact that them two would presumably be spending right around a whole day confronting the PC and doing what challenges them the most. What's more, on a general note, those individuals who have gotten excessively joined to informal communication destinations like Facebook, invest more energy before the PC instead of collaborating by and by with loved ones, or in any event, dismissing obligations at home or at school. Policymakers must have the option to appropriately recognize the underlying driver of a person’s dependence on the web. It may not really be a confusion yet the impact on the general wellbeing of the individual causes it to seem, by all accounts, to be so. I believe that the laws or rules that ought to be made must concentrate more on the more controllable components like the permitted time to utilize the web or related things to that to have the option to constrain those influenced people to stop and live like any typical individual should. Since web compulsion at one point is viewed as a turmoil, directing may likewise end up being a decent answer for comprehend why programmers and other â€Å"internet addicts† discover more satisfaction before the PC than in reality. Subject 4 †While mental profiling of crooks is certifiably not another field, would it be advisable for us to endeavor to profile digital lawbreakers? What kind of things do we definitely think about the characters of digital hoodlums? Do

Applications and Inventory Supply - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Applications and Inventory Supply - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Applications and Inventory Supply A number of my relatives work in the automotive industry, with the two closest to my age being engineers. My brother-in-law, Dave, is an engineer with Toyota, and his job making sure the assembly process for SUVs and mini-vans goes as planned. One key for automotive plants is managing inventory, allowing you to build the vehicles from the different parts, but not having too few or too many parts at the plant. One serious problem that many businesses used to have was when plants had to store and manage a large volume of parts (and the space to keep the parts), causing the company to spend more time and energy focusing on managing the parts and less time and energy focused on building vehicles. This led to Just in Time Inventory (JIT), where a company manages the materials needed to make their product by having a critical amount of items to function, but not so many that they become a storage facility instead of their true focus of building cars, planes, etc. Many admissions offices have an inventory problem, and no matter how hard we try to manage it, we are still stuck spending more time than we want managing documents and less time making decisions. The inventory we struggle with are documents, or more precisely transcripts, recommendation letters, forms, etc. Test scores are not an issue, as they are all electronic and match up automatically with a file, but all other items without applications need to be managed by hand. Imagine if you will you are having an SUV built specifically for you (similar to building your admissions application), and you are working with the company to have it made. With Just in Time inventory, the company would want the frame of the SUV to come in first, then all of the parts needed for assembly to arrive right after the frame ( by the way, your frame and most parts are unique to you, so its not like you could attach any SUV door, engine or wheels). That way, the SUV could go right on the line, parts could be matched right to your vehicle, and a little while later your SUV is ready. But what would happen if you had all the parts sent in ahead of time. Better yet, what if thousands of people had their parts sent in before the frame was sent? The car company would have to store all of the parts in a warehouse, listed specifically with the name of the buyer, and wait for the frame to come in. When the frame does finally come in, the company will have to filter through all the parts to find the right items, send it over to match the frame, etc. And what if 10,000 of those buyers decided to cancel their order and never send in the frame? The company would have to return/trash those parts. This is what happens in admissions. If you have your supporting documents sent in prior to applying (the frame of the vehicle), we have to put these items in storage in one of our holding files. Right now, we have about 20,000 documents sitting in our holding files waiting for applications to arrive. Every day we check the holding files to compare against the previous days applications and see if any documents match (filtering through a part of the 20,000 documents), and we must then hand match the items and enter in data. Every day up to the deadline the holding files grow as we get more and more documents. The days after a deadline are the worst, as it takes about a week to go through the holding files. And about 4 months after the deadline, we will purge 15,000+ documents from the holding files for students who never applied. This is why we suggest you do not wait until right around the deadline to apply, that you send in documents after you apply, and why we give a week after the deadline for school documents to be submitted. It is much easier to match an item right when we receive it rather than us slogging through the holding files. This is also why we have built our online counselor and teacher recommendation forms, as these documents will go right into your file. Remember, this is only for supporting documents, not test scores, as SAT/ACT scores are only accepted electronically, are imported into our student system, and the electronic data can be matched right when an application arrives. So send in your test scores well before you apply just to make sure we have them. So please, help us become more efficient so we can focus more attention on your application and less on the inventory of documents. Thank you for your help, and Go Dawgs!

A Role Of Tecnology In 1984 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1057 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay Did you like this example? In todays society, the evolution of technology has changed society in both positive and negative ways. People all over the world use and benefit from modern technology. Technology has simplified the access to many tools, people need in education, medicine, communication, transportation, etc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Role Of Tecnology In 1984" essay for you Create order However, it has also caused privacy issues. Technology is becoming more integrated into our work lives. Personal information about us is constantly being gathered. It carries our contacts, calendar, personal message, anything from your Social Security number to your bank account or credit card numbers our information is at risk for strangers, hackers, or identity thieves to gain access to it. Still, this is far different to 1984 society, where the government was invading the privacy of people and using the media as a way to control them. Along with psychological manipulation, physical control takes place. The Party not only controls what people in Oceania think, but what they do as well. Technology is another important theme. Without the constant telescreens, microphones, and computers, the Party would be all but powerless of the constant messages and propaganda causes citizens to have no time for an independent thought. Privacy is an important right because it is a necessary condition for other rights such as freedom and personal autonomy. There is a relationship between privacy, freedom and human dignity. Respecting a persons privacy is to acknowledge such a persons right to freedom and to recognize that individual as an autonomous human being. In the novel The instrument (the telescreen it was called) could be dimmed but there was no way of shutting it off completely. (Orwell pg.2). The telescreen is a ubiquitous symbol of the governments omniscient presence in the lives of its citizen. In the novel Julia had given Winston a note, with Winston being eager to read it, he had thought about reading it in the bathroom but later on, realized that the telescreens are everywhere and he could get caught. In todays society, we have had surveillance cameras in public places because they ensure public safety, through surveillance cameras, the police can both prevent crimes from happening and can quickly solve criminal cases with material evidence. In addition, surveillance cameras protect against property theft and vandalism. Installing cameras in bathrooms is an act of privacy violation, that prohibits photographing/filming people without their consent in locations where they might partially or completely disrobe. Bathrooms, bedroom s, changing rooms, locker rooms are all examples of places people are expected to disrobe. It can be prosecuted as voyeurism, illegal spying, illegal recording, invasion of privacy or stalking, all of which carry severe hard prison time and a criminal record. The government also took over the minds so much that it was almost impossible for people to even think up their own thoughts. For how could you establish even the most obvious fact when there existed no record outside your own memory? (Orwell pg.22). The people were completely brainwashed by their government and did not have a clue. Everyone wears the same clothes, eats the same food, and lives the same. Life is uniform and orderly. No one can stand out, and no one can be unique. No matter where the people go, the Party provides a constant barrage of information, mostly untruthful, meant only to occupy their time. The Party also thinks down upon the family structure. The Party undermines families by letting their children into an organization called the Junior Spies. The Party then brainwashes and encourages them to spy on their parents. They are told to report any problems and signs of disloyalty. In todays society, people hear about political issues all over the news and form their own opinions on them. Freedom of thought (also called the freedom of conscience or ideas) is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought independent of others viewpoints. The right to freedom of speech is recognized as a human right under Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and recognized in international human rights law in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The ICCPR recognizes the right to freedom of speech as the right to hold opinions without interference. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression. At the sight of the words I love you the desire to stay alive had welled up in him, and the taking of minor risks suddenly seemed stupid. Orwell 91. This quote shows the overpowering feeling of love in human nature. Even as Winston was ready to give up completely, even though he knows that love for fun is unacceptable and showing emotions for someone else is frowned upon in Oceania. Well, I also thought it may have been more along the lines of connecting emotions with opinions. If you can function enough to think for yourself, then you can get ideas, and the peoples ideas can corrupt the government. Which is why their emotions are constantly being controlled in Oceania. The only two emotions that people are allowed to feel are hatred and fear. Everyone fears everyone else in this book. Someone unable to contain emotions is weak. Its exactly what the government wants and because BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. McCarthyism is very similar to Oceania. Oceania, where people are controlled and oppressed by the party, led by the big brother, free speech, rebellious and independent thought is forbidden, people who fail to abide by the strict laws are taken away by the thought police and punished severely. In conclusion, there are certain limits that the government needs to place in order for the economy to not become corrupted, People should not be manipulated and controlled especially not be in constant fear of being watched and not able to speak or act freely. The novel 1984 presents thoughts concerning the use of technology and how it could influence the relationship between a country and its government. Although some people may think that his predictions for our future were too exaggerated, yet we still havent discovered how far technology can go, or how it will affect us as a whole. If a powerful government was able to access devices like presented in 1984, there is a definite possibility that they could control us. It is important that we always consider all the possible outcomes and moral issues when developing new technology.

Capitalism Is Capitalism Good - 946 Words

Capitalism is a subject that can be considered deeply controversial. There are many who tout the benefits that capitalism provides to the economy and the progress of human society. There are others who decry that it is a system which promotes selfish motives and extols profits above honesty and genuine goodness. This essay will examine the claims of each and will reach to conclude the answer to the question â€Å"is capitalism good?† The Dawn of Capitalism and its Opposition The advent of the ideal of capitalism is often attributed to Adam Smith. Sometimes called â€Å"The Father of Economics,† Smith was an 18th century moral philosopher from Scotland. Smith is perhaps most known for writing the book â€Å"An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.† In this book Adam Smith considers and advances the ideas of the division of labor, the invisible hand, the pursuit of self-interest, the proper role of government and the idea of a Laissez-Faire (or noninterventionist) economy. Each of these ideas were considered heavily during the establishment and development of the United States. Because of their adoption into the new American government, the United States became the forerunner to the free-market. The free-market embodies the ideals set forth by Adam Smith. The free market is different from other markets in that it allows its participants to purse their own interests rather than requiring the dictation of a government or ruler. This pursuit of self-interest causes aShow MoreRelatedIs Capitalism Good Or Bad?1242 Words   |  5 Pagesmain one is Capitalism. So what is Capitalism? Well, capitalism is an economic and political system where the country’s trade and produce are controlled by the private owners. Like always, there are three different classes in this system. The rich (which own and corporate), the middle class (or workers class) and the middle class (who are enslaved to the system). People at the top of the pyramid, are the ones who control the capitalism. But the main question is that, is capitalism good or bad? TheRead MoreCapitalism Is Good For The Economy1327 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment. Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and the operations are funded by profits. Capitalism is good for the economy because anyone could start a business and make money instantly. An example would be the Ford Motor Company. This company was the first company to make cars. Henry Ford had an idea and went with it. Capitalism is better with very little or no government interference at all. Capitalism gives peopleRead MoreCapitalism: Good or Evil? Essay1871 Words   |  8 Pagessociety, capitalism is acquired by lots of countries among the world. But in the meantime, an increasing number of problems are brought to our attention, one of which is the pros and cons of capitalism. As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, people take different attitudes. Capitalism can be traced back to the Middle Ages in Europe, and this economic system has been contributing to the whole human race for centuries. However, people are attaching more importance to what capitalism is reallyRead MoreEssay Capitalism - Good or Bad?1046 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans; this is known as capitalism. Also known as the free enterprise system, or free market, capitalism initially emerged in the mid to late 1700s. It grew in popularity and strength as individuals rapidly grew conscious of its benefits in specialization and trade. Obsolete transportation began to grow increasingly more capable and efficient. Natural resources became more abundant. It called for a profit motive and the more you possess, the more you desire. Capitalism in our modern day hasRead MoreDisadvantages Of Capitalism1594 Words   |  7 Pagesinto action. The concept of capitalism is a very important concept to the United States and many other countries whose citizens value freedom and independency. Capitalism has many different aspects to it. First, capitalism is a social system. The trade and industry of a capitalist country is based off of private owners and not the government. Capitalism is centered around the rights of the individuals. It allows the individual to make his or her own decisions. Capitalism is usually open to new ideasRead MoreCapitalism : Benefits And Drawbacks Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesCapitalism: Benefits and Drawbacks Every year around christmas, a plethora of angry people proclaim the sins of capitalism. These people claim that America’s fixation on material goods and other key elements of capitalism completely destroy the true meaning of what is supposed to be a holy holiday. They cite the people suffering in other countries who make America’s products, as well as many other credible arguments against the morality of a free-trade market. What these people refuse to acknowledgeRead MoreThe Implication Of Free Markets On Global Business1519 Words   |  7 Pagesof free markets on global business Introduction Capitalism, socialism, and communism are the main three economic systems. â€Å"Capitalism is an economic system also known as the private enterprise or free market system based on private ownership, economic freedom, and fair competition† (Kelly and Williams pp. 26) Capitalism can be referred to as free markets where there is no government intervention or strict regulations. The principle of capitalism is that â€Å"people and business must free to buy or notRead MoreEssay The Efficiency of Economic Systems959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe differences between capitalism and socialism have led to contradictions in several countries on how to run the country economically, socially, and politically. Between these two economic systems, people usually debate about the role of the government and economic equality. Although, capitalism and socialism have similar characteristics, the differences between capitalism and socialism make capitalism a better way of life. Most importantly, both socialism and capitalism have established effectiveRead MoreThe Corporate American Model Of Capitalism1316 Words   |  6 PagesCapitalism is good. In reading the articles, it seems scholars are either pro or anti-capitalism. The corporate American model of capitalism is built upon free enterprise and encourages competition. It’s also called the Liberal/Social Democratic model. Our economy, supposedly, encourages and rewards competition and equality. Yet the lack of competition and equality in our economy are issues scholars take aim at the most. George (2013) wrote in his editorial, â€Å"In the United States, income inequalityRead MoreThe Rise Of Capitalism And Capitalism1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise of Capitalism as a worldwide phenomenon Capitalism is one of the most commonly practiced economic systems in the world, and thus it is widely considered a global phenomenon. It is based upon the single objective of accumulating more and more wealth. However, capitalism would not be so popular, or even exist, had it not been for several global pressures at that time. Specifically, it was the mass consumption of sugar, which in part led to the discovery of the Americas, which in turn led

Relationship between RMG Export growth and GDP of Bangladesh Free Essays

Karakul Hosing, Professor of the Department of Finance, University of Dacha for his constant supervision, moral support, valuable instruction, helpful advice during the course of studies research work. Finally, I am deeply indebted to my family, teachers, friends whose invaluable support encouragement have done much to make this report a successful one. Description ARM Redeemed garments Export A function of international trade whereby goods produced in one country is shipped to another country for future sale or trade. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between RMG Export growth and GDP of Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now GAP The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific period, though GAP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments, and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory. PEP Exports Promotion Burro Qualitative control Acceptance sampling, can be used when a decision must be made to accept or reject a group of parts or items based on the quality found in a sample. Net Exports (NIX) The value of a country’s total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a country’s aggregate expenditures, or GAP, in an open economy variable A variable is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. A variable may also be called a data item LAST Lot Quality Assessment Technique Work schedule A work schedule includes the days of the week and times of the day a particular employee is scheduled to work of a research or project. A nation could accelerate the rate of economic growth by promoting exports of goods and services. Remittance plays a vital role to economic development of that country. At present, Bangladesh is a good amount of remittance from export of ARM from 1970. By PAYOFF, within a span of about two decades exports have gone up to USED 4. 5 billion. Over the past decade alone, the sector registered a phenomenal growth rate of 15 percent per annum, which is impressive. In fact, this was an exceptionally high growth rate for an emerging industry anywhere in the world. The industrial base, which sustained such high growths, also enjoyed a robust expansion, from less than 50 factories in 1983 to more than 3,400 in 2002, with the number of ARM workers reaching approximately 1. Million. Trend of period average simple growth rate of total export of Bangladesh is almost similar in two periods; 1980-90 and 1991-2004. During the whole period under consideration ready-made garments, (ARM) exports contribute lion’s share (around 75 percent). For ARM export as a whole, the average annual growth rate is much higher (95. 2 percent) during the first period. Of the ARM export, the average annual Roth rate of knitwear export is much higher (74. 0 percent) during the last period as compared to woven wear. Working adolescent girls tend to avoid early marriage as they have their own source of income and are self-dependent. The mean age at marriage for girls working in ARM, factories tend to be higher than the national average. Employment opportunities especially for women created positive impact on family planning and population control in the country. Independent working-women are getting more conscious about the advantage of a small family, and are exposed to modern family planning methods. Nevertheless, repeatedly times the magnitude of its multiplier impact and implications will Justify the support that this sector has been given over the past years and the support it is currently seeking from the government. In PAYOFF Bangladesh exported ARM products worth 4. 5 billion US dollars. Her share in total US imports of apparels was 3. 2%; in EX. it was 3. 3% and in Canada it was 3. 0%. Bangladesh is known in these countries as a small country with a strong presence. This research proposal attempts to qualify the inter-relationship between Export growths of ARM and GAP of Bangladesh. How to cite Relationship between RMG Export growth and GDP of Bangladesh, Papers

Roman Influence on Byzantine Empire and Islamic Societies free essay sample

The mother of the world has been killed,† stated a 5th century historian, bereft and appalled when the news of Rome’s fall had reached ear. Certainly his words hold truth, for Rome the dauntingly colossal Empire engulfing the Mediterranean and all territories around it; the source of artistic, intellectual, and cultural ascendancy; the influential factor of brilliance in so many of the coexisting societies of the western world was truly the predecessor and creator of all Western Civilization to come. However, what no one knew, was that the lasting impression this powerful and astonishing civilization would make upon the world, even if only through the works of fleeting memory or written text. As always, with loss comes a chance for gain an opportunity for rebirth and renewal that could previously have only been a dream. And so, with the collapse of one great empire, opportunities arose for the numbers of new kingdoms and societies to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Roman Influence on Byzantine Empire and Islamic Societies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Byzantine Empire and Islamic societies were two especially prominent societies that gained primacy, arising from the fourth to sixth century. Although both Byzantine and Islamic societies created their own empires, with separate rulers and individuals, the Roman Empire heavily influenced their cultural aspects, as demonstrated in their religion, art, and law. The Byzantine Empire was a highly prosperous society centered around the city of Constantinople. This society, dating back to around 330 AD, consecutively arising after the fall of the Roman Empire, and managed to remain in power for more than 1000 years. It was the most powerful economic and military force in all of Europe at the height of it’s power. Constantinople, located at present day Istanbul, was the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, and played a key role in the hegemony of the empire. By cause of the city’s prime positioning with access to east-west and north-south trade routes, trade became an important institution and base of economy in the Byzantine Empire. Silk was originally bought from China for the grand empire, until silk-worms were illegally obtained by Byzantine monks, and factories were established in the Empireto create this rare product. Silk soon became an imperial monopoly, and through this way, the trade of luxury items became the Byzantine’s main source of income. The location of Constantinople also aided in military conquest and defence, for the empire’s naval headquarters were located along the shores, and had access to the Black Sea and Mediterranean. Because of the Empire’s location, all but overlapping the fallen Roman’s territory, the Byzantine Empire was greatly affected by these Roman’s past traditions and ways of life. The Roman Empire influenced the Byzantine Empire’s culture, mainly through the religion of Christianity. Christianity first appeared in the Roman Empire, with the birth, teachings, and supposed resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the beginning years of it’s arrival, Christianity was not tolerated and Christians were mainly, and most often brutally prosecuted. However, with Constantine’s Edict of Milan, Christianity was officially tolerated, and under Theodosius, it became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire inherited this relatively new religion, continuing to follow the beliefs and traditions of the church, as well as spreading the word of Jesus Christ and the message of god. Churches sprung up in the empire, such as the mighty Hagia Sophia. Located in Constantinople and built by Justinian, this church especially exemplified Roman influence through its divine architecture. â€Å"Above the arches is raised a circular building of a curved form through which the light of day first shines,† (document 2) boasts Procopius, a Byzantine scholar from Palestine. He became the principal historian of the 6th century, documenting the works and wars of Justinian I. Procopius describes the church’s magnificent domed ceiling, which, along with columns and a concrete skeleton, can hardly be castigated, nor denied of it’s uncanny resemblance to Rome’s Pantheon. Justinian was the Christian Emperor of the Byzantine Empire who is famous for his building projects, battle tactics, and his codification of Roman law. â€Å"We have attempted the most thorough amendment of the entire law, to collect and revise the whole body of Roman jurisprudence, and to assemble in one book the scattered treatises of so many authors,† Justinian writes, reflecting upon his work. The Justinian code was essentially a collection of scattered Roman documents on law, treaties, and other diverse legal matters. This codification was used as the basic system of law in the Byzantine Empire, and successfully governed an Empire of citizens for roughly 1000 years. In conclusion, if not for the influence and impact of lingering hints of Roman Christianity, architecture , and law, the Byzantine Empire would have evolved into a profoundly variant society than the one established so many years ago. Islamic Societies were very militaristic, religious, and politically based on the teaching of Muhammad. Although small when first founded in the sixth century, at it’s height of power, regions conquered and maintained by the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties included Egypt, Arabia, lands of the Persian Empire and Asia Minor, regions of North Africa snaking along the Mediterranean, and territories of present day Spain in the west. Comprised of brilliant generals and thousands of well-motivated men striving for eternal paradise in the after-life, the army was immensely dynamic, efficacious, and cardinal to the prodigious power of the Islamic Kingdom. Religion influenced much of the population’s way of life, dictating family practices, working hours, diet, public ceremonies, and many other aspects of everyday life. To maintain the promise of eternal paradise after death, a Muslim was expected to follow the ruler and faith with honor and loyalty, as well as the Five Pillars of Islam. Stated in the Qur’an, these pillars are thought of as the hindmost commitment to Islam, and obedience to the laws is key. One must accept monotheism and Muhammad as God’s holy messenger (Shahada), pray five times a day and attend communal prayer on friday (Salat), give alms to the poor and less fortunate (Zakat), fast during the holy month of Ramadan (Sawm), and make a pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) at least once in a life-time. The rulers of Islamic Society, entitled as caliphs, were expected to follow these pillars, as well as the practice of Jihad striving in the way of the Lord. However, although the Islamic culture and government had many newly created aspects, the motif of previous Roman society was still predominantly clear. Roman influence on Islamic Societies was mainly displayed in its art, specifically architecture and language. The multitude of Roman architects, hired by kings to institute the design and production of churches, were frequently extremely bright, talented, and passionate. The innovative building models established were graced with stability, natural impregnability, and beauty. Islamic societies gained much of their knowledge on contemporary architecture from the Romans, and in effect, produced constructions very similar to those erected in the bygone days of the Roman Empire. For example, the Islamic Dome of the Rock, constructed in Jerusalem 690 AC, possesses aspects similar to those of the Roman Pantheon. The Dome of the Rock’s ceiling, to no extent of surprise, is in fact in the shape of a dome, such as the ceiling of the Pantheon. Furthermore, the Islamic structure contains many columns that are conjointly displayed in the Roman temple. The Mosque at Cordoba contains arches and columns resembling those built by Romans in water canals and at the gates of cities. The Islamic religions also continued to carry on the most spoken language of Rome Latin. Caliphs and libraries collected texts from all around the world, while scholars translated the sterling works into Arabic and Latin. Although Islamic some celebrations show congruency with celebrations of Christians,Roman influence on the Muslim people was mainly cultural. News of Rome’s fall spread quickly throughout lands of the Mediterranean, Africa, Persia, and Arabia. All were astonished at the supposed failure of the once mighty empire, considering it’s previous success and military conquest. Acting as predecessor and nurturer, Rome had affected countless bordering societies, all across the western world. However, the historian pronouncing Rome’s title as â€Å"mother of the world† had been ludicrously incorrect in concern to one aspect of the Empire’s demise. Rome went on influence future cultures in the Mediterranean regain for centuries, especially those of the Byzantine Empire and ancient Islamic Societies. By means of the Empire’s culture, religion, and law, Rome continues to influence American society today, even hundreds of year’s after the empire’s fall. In Washington D. C. , the use of columns, arches, and domes is a common motif in most political buildings, as well as domestic dwellings. Christianity is now a widely adopted religion, practiced by approximately thirty-three percent of the entire world’s population. Justinian’s codification of Roman law can still be compared with legal and justice systems from around the world, especially in western civilization. The 6th century historian was terribly mistaken in the fact that Rome had been killed, for today as vividly as yesterday; as true as the promise of tomorrow’s rising sun Rome lives on. In the subtle curve of an elegant column, in the chromatic dazzle of a church’s stained glass window, and in the crack of a judge’s mallet, bringing justice to all those our mighty nation gives promise to protect and serve, Rome survives. Chin to the sky, arms open, Rome stands tall and illustrious, ready to embrace all those who walk the earth all whom she deems children.

History of Nubian

History of Nubian Nubia is a place located alongside river Nile and extends from the southern part of Aswan to the town of Dabba. The bigger part of Nubia is in Sudan while a small potion is situated in Egypt. History clearly indicates the subdivision of Nubia into lower, upper and southern Nubia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Nubian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lower and upper Nubia was the initial settlement place for Nubians. Nubia gained its fame from its perpetual activity of mining gold in addition to trading with ivory and ebony. It is among the earliest black civilization with its backbone mainly on natural wealth (Bulliet, 2001). Culture Kerma culture was the first empire to bring together the Nubian community and it is believed to evolve from Neolithic. At that time, 1750 BC, the kings were powerful enough to mobilize construction of walls and rich tombs filled with human sacrifices and possessions (Bull iet, 2001). Craftsmen in Kerma were excellent in pottery and metalwork. Egypt took over Nubia in 1500 BC to form the new kingdom of Egyptian colony. Their empire stretched from Euphrates to the 5th cataract of the Nile. After the conquest, monument such as Abu Simbel was built. When Egyptians left Nubia Kingdom of Kush came into being. This community adopted the Egyptian culture including their religion, music, language, and code of dressing. Assyrians invaded Kushite dynasty consequently pushing them down south to Meroe. At the present time, Muslims makes up the Nubian community. Their main median of communication is the Arabic language in addition to the Nubian language. Other distinctive features include the code of dressing, traditions and music. Jewelry was the most characterizing feature of Nubian culture. The jewelry was tailored to meet individual needs and specifications. Wedding festivity was a period to put on and display this jewelry. Nubian music in form of ‘shar ’ was performed during wedding ceremonies. Technology Monuments, artifacts and tombs signified advanced use of technology to attain civilization. The unique form of writing comprising of hieroglyphs and the advanced alphabetic scripts of 23 signs clearly indicates high level of technology (Bulliet, 2001). Another important factor to note is the pyramids which were constructed in Meroe (800 BC – 350 AD). The process of putting up these pyramids required great human intellect and skills. This forms a reason for the classification of tombs and pyramids as the wonders of the world.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The kingdom of Meroe was also described by a standing military force with sophisticated weapons. To support this point, military formation instituted by Candace of Meroe made Alexander the great to withdraw his force. Trade in the ancient time was t he lifestyle of many communities. Nubia acted as a trade corridor for people from tropical Africa and Egypt. Ebony and ivory from tropical Africa were channeled to Egypt via Nubia. This contributed to Nubian wealth. Diet Agriculture was the main source of food for Nubians. A variety of date palms was planted intensively. Export of these products acted as a source of income. Cereals and vegetables were cultivated for consumption purposes. After the construction of Aswan High Dam, irrigation was carried out extensively. Several governmental projects including the building of walls to stop land from flooding were done. On the contrary, summer periods were hard times in Nubia as sorghum and millet were consumed. There was a risk therefore of malnutrition simply because sorghum lacked vitamin B. Reference Bulliet, P. et al. (2001). Nubia, The Earth and Its Peoples. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Verbal Irony - Definition and Examples

Verbal Irony s Verbal irony is a  trope (or figure of speech) in which the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express. Verbal irony can occur at the level of the individual word or sentence (Nice hair, Bozo), or it may pervade an entire text, as in Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal. Jan Swearingen reminds us that Aristotle equated verbal irony  with understatement and verbal dissemblingthat is with saying or expressing a veiled or guarded version of what one means (Rhetoric and Irony, 1991). The expression verbal irony was first used in  English criticism in 1833 by Bishop Connop Thirlwall in an article on the Greek playwright Sophocles. Examples In [the 1994 movie]  Reality Bites, Winona Ryder, applying for a newspaper job, is stumped when asked to define irony. It’s a good question. Ryder replies, Well, I can’t really define irony . . . but I know it when I see it. Really?Irony requires an opposing meaning between what’s said and what’s intended. Sounds simple, but it’s not. A paradox, something that seems contradictory but may be true, is not an irony. The Times stylebook, which, believe me, can be harsh, offers useful advice:The loose use of irony and ironically, to mean an incongruous turn of events, is trite. Not every coincidence, curiosity, oddity, and paradox is an irony, even loosely. And where irony does exist, sophisticated writing counts on the reader to recognize it.(Bob Harris, Isn’t It Ironic? Probably Not. The New York Times, June 30, 2008) Verbal Irony as Criticism What separates ironic comments from merely critical comments is that the intended criticism is often not obvious and not meant to be obvious to all participants (part of the face-saving factor). Let us compare the following examples which all share the same situational context: the addressee has once again left the door open. To get the hearer to close the door, a speaker may make any one of the following remarks: (1) Shut the goddamn door!(2) Shut the door!(3) Please shut the door!(4) Would you please shut the door?(5) You always leave the door open.(6) The door seems to be open.(7) I am so glad you remembered to shut the door.(8) I think people who shut doors when its cold outside are really considerate.(9) I love sitting in a draft. Examples (1) through (4) are direct requests varying by the amount of politeness used. Examples (5) through (9) are indirect requests, and, except for (5), which functions as a complaint, are all ironic. Even though the request for action in (5) is indirect, the criticism is obvious, whereas in examples (6) through (9) the criticism is hidden to different degrees. We see here that irony is more than the mere opposition of a surface and an underlying reading. The speaker of (8) in all actuality probably believes that people who shut doors when its cold outside are really considerate. Thus, there is no discernible opposition of a surface and an underlying reading. Nevertheless, examples like (8) should also be covered by any definition of irony.(Katharina Barbe, Irony in Context. John Benjamins, 1995) Swifts Verbal Irony The simplest form of high relief verbal irony is the antiphrastic praise for blame, for example, the Congratulations! we offer to the smart Alec who has let the side down. . . . [Jonathan] Swifts Directions to Servants, his satire of the faults and follies of servants, takes the form of advising them to do what they too frequently already do and reproducing their lame excuses as valid reasons: In Winter Time light the Dining-Room Fire but two Minutes before Dinner is served up, that your Master may see, how saving you are of his Coals.(Douglas Colin Muecke, Irony and the Ironic. Taylor Francis, 1982) Socratic Irony The everyday irony that, today, we identify in simple cases of verbal irony has its origin in [the] Socratic technique of eironeia. We use a word but expect others to recognise that there is more to what we are saying than the uses of everyday language. (Claire Colebrook, Irony. Routledge, 2004)I value the privilege of sitting beside you very highly, for I have no doubt that you will fill me with an ample draught of the finest wisdom. (Socrates addressing Agathon in Platos Symposium, c. 385-380 BC) Verbal irony forms the basis for what we mean when we say irony. In ancient Greek comedy, there was a character called an eiron who seemed subservient, ignorant, weak, and he played off a pompous, arrogant, clueless figure called the alazon. Northrop Frye describes the alazon as the character who doesnt know that he doesnt know, and thats just about perfect. What happens, as you can tell, is that the eiron spends most of his time verbally ridiculing, humiliating, undercutting, and generall y getting the best of the alazon, who doesnt get it. But we do; irony works because the audience understands something that eludes one or more of the characters.   (Thomas C. Foster, How to Read Literature Like a Professor. HarperCollins, 2003) Audens Unknown CitizenOur researchers into Public Opinion are contentThat he held the proper opinions for the time of year;When there was peace, he was for peace; when there was war, he went.He was married and added five children to the population,Which our Eugenist says was the right number for a parent of his generation.And our teachers report that he never interfered with their education.Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd:Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.(W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen. Another Time, 1940)The Lighter Side of Verbal IronyCommander William T. Riker: Charming woman!Lt. Commander Data: [voice-over] The tone of Commander Rikers voice makes me suspect that he is not serious about finding Ambassador TPel charming. My experience suggests that in fact, he may mean the exact opposite of what he says. Irony is a form of expression I have not yet been able to master.​​(Datas Day, Star Trek: The Next Generation, 1991) Also Known As: rhetorical irony, linguistic irony

QDB SME Toolkit GAP Analysis Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

QDB SME Toolkit GAP Analysis Report - Assignment Example However, the document does not deal with the solution of the gaps that are identified in the document. Today, each and every decision from starting a new business to deciding future or improving an existing business is based on availability, accuracy and quality of information. Keeping in view an importance of information the Qatar Development Bank (QDB) developed a toolkit to facilitate the entrepreneurs for starting a new business or to improve an existing business. QDB is a Government entity having responsibility of supporting and developing local Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in Qatar. QDB designed and developed SMEs toolkit that is an online counseling service to serve the desires and requirements of Qatari private sector. It is particularly intended to assist an entrepreneur for establishing a new successful small or medium enterprise. It provides an entrepreneur online guidance and information regarding step-by-step business planning, requirements for opening a particular business and checklists. Currently, the QDB toolkit provides information of ten (10) busines s categories that includes Accounting and Finance, Business Planning, Human Resources, International Business, Legal and Insurance, Marketing and Sales, Operations, Technologies, Woman-Owned Businesses and Market Overview. Particularly, the purpose of producing this document is to provide information regarding the existing services currently provided by QDB for the SMEs through the toolkit, The objectives of Supreme Council of Information and Communication Technology (ictQATAT) for development of the toolkit, the facilities that are being provided to the entrepreneurs, suggestions for improvement through a thorough GAP analysis along with prevailing best practices for such toolkits. The document compares the performance and usage of the currently designed and developed QDB toolkit and desired future state of the QDB toolkit provided

Introduction to mi'kmaq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Introduction to mi'kmaq - Essay Example The Mi’kmaq was semi nomadic. The animals that were mostly hunted by Mi’kmaq were moose, rabbit, porcupine, and deer among animals. They preferred hunting moose since it was used as clothing. The skin was dried and was worn as clothing garment, the community used the meat as their daily food, and bones were used to make tools like forks and other household tools. The weapons that were used for hunting by Mi’kmaq was bow and arrow, hunting was the major activity of the community and was taught to young men up to their adulthood. Porcupines that were hunted by the men were important to the women since the quills were used as decorative beadwork and this was done by women. Mi’kmaq used to fish while others would go to the forest to hunt to make a supplement of their food. The community ate all kinds of fish such as lobster, shellfish, and salmon among others. When there was plenty to store they used to store in the ground for later consumption. In 1600s, Europe was ruled by ruthless noblemen who believed in terror attacks to their fellow citizens, the societies believed on establishment of class of people and the classes were allocated status since they were regarded as the king of the communities, the minority district or tribe had to give respect to the high class of people. The establishment of class system led to introduction of poor people, rich people debtor’s prisons and even insane group of people. The civilians were oppressed by a group of high class people and insecurity was the order of the day since people killed one another without fear. The community was based on Christianity doctrine but the people had no respect to their creator but greed and other evil things were the one given respect. Mi’kmaq leaders were known as great people since they had the ability to speak to the society and be able to convince them and influence

Literary Components Of M Commerce Information Technology Essay

Literary Components Of M Commerce Information Technology Essay The present assignment on Secure Mobile Transactions: m-commerce, aims to present a comprehensive view of all the technological and security aspects that influence and govern monetary transactions done on wireless networks. This paper refers to some basic concepts related to m-commerce and then proceeds to discuss various purely technical issues involved in m-commerce. This work identifies presently available technologies that facilitate m-commerce and gives explanation about each of such technology. Further, the assignment focuses on the security challenges involved in mobile transactions and various aspects of mobile payments. Finally, the paper gives a brief list of m-commerce solutions currently available. Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Mobile commerce or simply m-commerce relates to commercial business operations and transactions carried out on wireless telecommunication networks with the infrastructural assistance of handheld mobile electronic devices. E-commerce is the commercial business processes done on internet and the m-commerce is making all monetary transactions on mobile devices (wireless electronic commerce). The technology of m-commerce offers many services and facilities that make commercial dealings simplified and reduce time consumed in those transactions. But the users and service providers have to be cautious of possible treats of wireless trade operations. Security of information, privacy to personal details and protection to the money involved are the real touch stones of strength of m-commerce. 2. Literary components of m-Commerce: The concept of mobile commerce came into existence in the last decade of the 20th century. What has started as a facility to make payments to a soft drink vending machine, has now effectively subsumed nearly every aspect of electronic commerce. Today, m-commerce has emerged as a viable extension to e-commerce. Now the customers of any service or product can make their payments over mobile phones staying anywhere or even on move. Fundamental difference between e-commerce and m-commerce is that, in electronic commerce business dealings and transactions are made on internet, but the mobile commerce services can be used with the help of simple and inexpensive SMS and IVR systems (Rediff.com, 2010). Statistics inform that, the penetration of personal computers is still limited and the mobile penetration is nearly ten times more than that of PCs. Further, the wide internet access is still a distant dream with the exception of big cities and conurbations. Thus with the presently available u ser share and the further spread in future would certainly point mobile commerce as a viable and popular option to make swift and secure monetary transactions. Further, people with basic literacy can also make use of various services of mobile commerce unlike the electronic commerce, which requires the users to have good command on PC knowledge and its operational procedures. The central point of mobile commerce is making payments on mobile phones. It is a point of sale payment made over a mobile gadget like cell phone, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) ,a smart phone, gadgets of personal area networks and other newly coming wireless equipment (Krueger, 2001). Here, not only the merchandise transactions made through cell phones but the monetary payments made to utility vending machines, cab services, car wash machines etc also constitute acts of mobile commerce (Paavalainen, 2001). The core idea is the convenience. This convenience should not turn into a nightmare because of lack of security of the data exchanged in these commercial transactions over wireless networks. Important services offered by m-commerce are, Making reservations of tickets of journeys Booking various entertainment show tickets Making payments of civic utility bills Transferring gift vouchers Booking hotel rooms Booking cab services Make money donations to social service foundations Making stock market trading To avail all these facilities, mobile users can make use of SMS, BREW, GPRS and IVR services. Key issues of mobile transactions are the questions of authentication and security. The service providers have to follow robust security standards that are in vogue world wide. Some of the presently accepted standards are PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard). Advantages of m-commerce are: Reduction of time consumed in serving merchandise orders Reduction in the cost of management of commercial transactions Gives extensively broad reach Helps in effectively coordinating all the business processes involved Gives competitive advantage in matters of product pricing Provides high speed access to modern cellular applications (Answers Corporation, 2010). Disadvantages of mobile transactions: Cost of establishing and managing wireless telecommunication infrastructure Concerns over safety of information and data exchanged over mobile gadgets Mobile devices come with small screens and this limited display can limit the types of data and files that can be exchanged and accessed Advanced mobile technologies are now largely confined to big cities Technical limitations of mobile telecommunication equipments (Answers Corporation, 2010). Given the comparative merits and demerits of mobile commerce, one can be perfectly sure that, the ongoing technological researches would certainly find viable answers to problems of this new paradigm in wireless commerce. 3. How m-commerce differs from e-commerce? The level of wide availability of wireless telecommunication networks to use m-commerce applications practically from any location. The convenience in handling these small and low weighed devices is unique when compared to equipment required for carrying out electronic commerce transactions. Further these mobile devices are purely personal electronic gadgets and this guarantees maximum personalization unlike the PCs with Internet which are needed for e-commerce actions that are often shared among multiple users. Localized positioning of users can be done on all mobile commerce transactions. As the users carry their mobile phones with them, they can utilize their preferred personalized settings with which they can transact. This personalization is not available in electronic commerce transactions and dealings. 4. Technical areas related to secure m-commerce: There are various aspects on the technical front that are closely related to safe money transactions done on wireless telecommunication networks with the help of mobile handheld devices. They are: 4.1. Need for secure m-commerce: According to Yeun (2001), there are more cell phones which are connected to internet than the number of net connected Personal Computers. Though the PC penetration is also gaining pace, the spread of mobile phones and related gadgets has already surpassed all the future projections. The comfort given by mobile merchandise transactions is fueling the further expansion of m-commerce. As more and more people are resorting to the m-commerce utilities, the service providers have to take every care to ensure that all the transactions done, payments made, business deals concluded and the information exchanged over wireless networks is best guarded and strongly protected. Already the electronic commerce has seen any worst cases of security breaches and fraudulent infringements in high value commercial transactions done on electronic media through PCs connected to internet. This shows the dire need to research, design, invent and implement robust security standards for every small monetary tr ansaction done over mobiles. Propensity of threat should be reduced and the vulnerability of supportive wireless networks should be reduced to sub-terrestrial depths to complement the growing demand for m-commerce. 4.2. Security Challenges in m-commerce: As the wireless telecommunication networks are spreading fast and becoming a ubiquitous resource, the user base of m-commerce is fast expanding. But to ensure the continuity of this boom, high security of mobile transactions is in dire need. Important data and transaction security problems that pervade over m-commerce transactions are analyzed by Grosche Knospe (n.d.). As the mobile gadgets are purely personal devices, they are bound to carry some important private and confidential information which needs protection from unauthorized intruder access. To answer this threat these, smart and sensitive gadgets must employ user authentication mechanisms like passwords and PIN. Further, these cell phones must come with good data backup and crash recovery tools pre-installed in them, to cater to any unforeseen data loss and authentication breach. The operating systems used in the wireless gadgets must have tested perfection in defending owners data security needs. While the owner of the mobile phone intends to transmit some data over wireless telecommunication network for any commercial dealing, the wireless interface that guides this information exchange must be strong enough to maintain high levels of confidentiality, content integrity and more particularly user authenticity. Eavesdropping is a big threat which the wireless networks have to confront ser iously. Data security mechanisms vary from one mobile technology to another. The end user access networks need to be strongly protected from data theft within and out side these network loops. And the network operator concerned must ensure that the money transactions made are concluded to the maximum satisfaction of both parties. Money payment actions done on wireless networks should have assured secrecy and protection to the money involved. This task should cover all the stages starting from the payment or committing to make a payment up to the conclusion of the deal and authentication systems have to guard the entire transaction leaving no chance to intruder attack. 4.2. Technologies involved in m-commerce security: With the increasing widening of mobile penetration, and all other similar wireless handheld devices, the services offered by mobile commerce have assured future. The technologies involved in the mobile commerce mainly deal with transferring of data and information over the available wireless telecom networks. Presently, widely used supportive network technologies are 2nd generation (2G), 3rd generation (3G) etc (Grosche Knospe n.d.). 2nd generation wireless telephone technologies include, GSM (TDMA based), CDMA One etc. 2G telecommunication technologies are also known as PCS (Personal Communications Service) in USA. Advanced version of 2G services is 2.5G. This new one offers data transfer at higher speed. These services gave way to 3G services. This 3G technology comes with wireless telecom services like CDMA2000, UMTS, GSM EDGE, WiMAX, DECT etc. These new mobile standards support data transfers up to 14Mbits per second while downloading. The security of data transfers is higher in 3G when compared to earlier 2G technology. 3G services come with user authentication facilities while connecting to any network. This guarantees high security to all the transactions done of that specific telecom network (Grosche Knospe n.d.).. GSM is the most used media for carrying out mobile commerce transactions. The data transfer and sharing services offered on GSM networks are, SMS (Short Messaging Service) for sending short messages having maximum 160 characters on the network media, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) to access internet APIs designed in WML (Wireless Mark-up Language), HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) tool of channel clustering for high data transfer rates and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) actually, this is an extension of GSM services. Fundamental architecture of GSM network generally contains GPRS, Intelligent Network(IN) and SMS services. UTMS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) is a modern telecommunication system offered by 3G services. This is largely an extension of existing GSM. It has WCDMA (Wireband Code Division Multiple Access) radio channel signaling technology (Grosche Knospe n.d.). WLAN (Wireless LAN) works in 2.4 GHz 5 GHz spectrum. Normally WLANs are low in data security. IEEE stipulated WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) to provide some security to transactions done on WLANs. 5. Security at various levels of mobile transactions: 5.1. Safety in data transport channels: The technologies like GSM, GPRS, WLAN, UTMS provide considerable security to all deals transacted on wireless networks. But they cannot handle the safety constraints, when the commercial transactions involve multiple access networks. To ensure end to end security in such cases that communicate over Internet Protocol, SSL/TLS is widely used. SSL works with TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). Another transport layer security protocol designed and used for this purpose is WTLS with WAP services (Grosche Knospe n.d.). 5.2. Safety of network services: To make m-commerce transactions more secure, Intelligent Network (IN) concept in GSM networks is introduced. This GSM framework contains IN logic i.e. CAMEL (Cuatomized Application for Mobile Enhanced network Logic). IN handles all the m-commerce conversations. These services can also be used with SMS systems. Other technologies for secure services are, Parlay / OSA (Open Service Access) and USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) (Grosche Knospe n.d.). 6. Security models presently in use: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is the widely used mobile security standard in European countries. According to Zobol (2001), Europe has the highest mobile penetration and the European Commission is presently implementing 15 new projects that operate mobile telecommunication networks. These projects are using WAP, GPRS, UTMS technologies. For ensuring high security of mobile transactions, they are using NESSIE encryption and E-PASTA environment. Further, 4G an ultra speed broadband is also under implementation. 7. m-Payments: The commercial transactions concluded on mobile wireless networks do involve money payment. The concept of m-payments related to payment of charges for services or the price of goods sold or purchased over mobile wireless telecommunication networks. Significant advantageous aspects of m-payments are, less time consumed, no need to carry physical money and remote operability of accounts safely. There are different variants of m-payment systems like, pre paid payment systems, pay now payment systems and post payment systems. There are various agreed limits of money transactions that can be done on mobile networks. In Europe micro, small and macro payments are in vogue form 1euro to more than 10 euros. In India the monetary transactions up to Rs.50000 can be done (Rediff.com, 2010). The level of safety such mobile transactions need varies based on the money involved and the items that are traded in that transaction. But in each of such case anonymity of customer has to be protected safely. Mandatory and common requirements of mobile transactions are authenticity, reliability, confidentiality, authorization and integrity. Further the response time has to be reduced to minimum. And, conformity to ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) principle for all deals involving monetary payment. Depending on the sources of money from where customers make payment over mobile networks, various m-payment systems presently available are: Software electronic coins, Hardware electronic coins, Background amount (Grosche Knospe n.d.). 8. Examples of m-commerce security solutions: Irrespective of the mode of payments made on mobile phones, there are various standardization bodies that deal with mobile commerce transactions. Some of them are, MoSign, Mobile Payment Forum, mSign etc. Another famous data security standard related to m-commerce is PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) (TechTarget, 2010). Visa International has recently developed Mobile 3D. It is a global security specification standard system that makes money transactions made by mobile phones and on internet more secure and safe (CellularOnline, n.d.). Finacle m-commerce solution developed by Infosys has many good security features like, generation of One time Password (OTP), USSD application, strong inclusivity framework and ability to register multiple bank accounts to a single mobile (Infosys, 2010). 9. Conclusion: Security of transactions concluded on mobile telecommunication networks is of fundamental necessity for the very concept of m-commerce. This assignment attempted to through light on every important aspect related to mobile commerce. The technologies discussed in this paper do need further improvement to cope up with the increasing threats to data and money transfer over internet and on wireless networks. Growing fraudulent intrusions on mobile information systems and individual gadgets make up a persistent need to continuously refine existing solutions and design new ones that can better resist attacks on transaction security over wireless media.

Addiction Counselor Essay

The Human Service Career of Addiction Counseling has inspired me to learn all I can to help people, and has given me the opportunity to make an honest living. I was in desperate need of a behavior and attitude change about my life, for I have received the information from others in the field and made a conscious decision to help others who have a desire for change and a new way of life. Substance abuse counselors advise people who have alcoholism or other types of addiction, behavioral problems, or help the client recover from addiction by providing treatment and support. Substance abuse counselors and behavior disorder counselors do the following: Help people in treatment centers, jails, institutions with mental and physical, addiction or problem behavior. In these settings they assist people develop treatment goals and plans. They help people with family problems. Help people with behavioral and attitude to recover from their addiction. Work with families about addiction or behavioral disorders, and help them develop strategies to cope with those problems. Refer people to other resources or services, such as job placement services and support groups. The support groups of Narcotic’s Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous are just a couple of positive resources addicts in recovery attend. There are a number of career centers located in metropolitan areas which help people with job placement or assist them to obtain the skills to get a job. Addiction counselors also work with other health and mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists, social workers, doctors, and nurses. They work in places that employ many types of healthcare and mental health professionals. Addiction treatment counselors may work in teams to best develop a treatment plan and coordinate the suggested care for a patient. Counselors work with those who have been ordered by a judge to receive treatment for addiction problems. Counselors work in a wide variety of settings; mental health centers, prisons, probation or parole agencies and juvenile detention facilities. They also work in halfway houses, detox centers, or in employee assistance programs. EAP’s are mental health programs provided by some companies to help employees deal with personal problems. Addiction counselors work in residential centers, where clients live in the facility for thirty days, sixty days, six months, one year, and eighteen month long term program. They work with clients in outpatient treatment centers or programs. Addiction counselors also work in private practice, where they work alone or with other professionals. They have sometimes have large caseloads, and do not always have enough counselors to meet the demand for their services. They may have to work together in some situations to deal with agitated clients, which can be very stressful. Addiction counselors work full time, and overtime in inpatient facilities, you may have to work evenings, nights, or weekends. Education requirements are from a high school diploma to a master’s degree, depending on where you’re working and state regulation. Counselors with a license are able to do more with their clients, such as private one-on-one counseling sessions. If this is what you’re interested in you need to reach your state’s education requirements. Substance abuse and behavioral disorders counselors in private practice must be license. Private practice, requires a master’s degree and 2,000 to 3,000 hours of supervised clinical experience. Counselors must pass a state-recognized exam and complete continuing education every year. Contact information for your state’s regulating board can be found through the National Board for Certified Counselors. The licensure or certification criteria for substance abuse and behavioral counselors outside of private practice may vary from state to state. The state you’re working in may or may not require a specific degree, but many require applicants to pass an exam. Addiction Counselor’s with less education, such as a high school diploma, may be required to go through a period of on the job training. Training prepares counselors how to respond to a crisis situation, and interact with families and people with addictions. The wages for substance abuse behavioral disorder counselors in the industries employing the most counselors were as follows: Hospitals, state, local. Private –$ 45,000, Local Government –$ 45,000, Individual and family services – $ 37,000, Outpatient mental health and substances abuse centers – $ 35,000 and Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities – $33,570. The median is annual wage of substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors was $ 38,120 in May 2010. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $ 24,690 and the top 10 percent earned more than $ 60,400. Employment of addiction counselors is expected to grow more than average for all occupations. Growth is expected as more people seek treatment for their addictions or other behaviors and drug offenders are increasingly being sentenced to treatment rather than jail time. The court system has recognized that people committing crimes related to drugs are less likely to offend again if they get treatment for addiction. As the population grows, the number of individuals entering treatment is expected to increase as well. This is expected to cause a continued demand for counselors in mental health centers, halfway houses, detox centers, and treatment programs. Important qualities for this kind of work are as follows: Compassion; Counselors often work with people who are dealing with stressful and difficult situations, so they must be compassionate and empathize with their clients. Listening skills; Good listening skills are essential for substance abuse counselors, they need to give their full attention to a client to be able to understand that client’s problem and values. Patients; Counselors must be able to remain calm when working with all types of clients, including those who may be distressed or angry. People skills; Counselors must be able to work with different types of people. They spend most of their time working directly with clients or other professionals and must be able to develop and nature good relationships. Speaking skills; Counselors need to be able to communicate with clients effectively. They must express ideas and information in a way that their clients easily understand. Job prospects are excellent for substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors, particularly for those with specialized training or education. Employers often have difficulty recruiting workers with the proper educational requirements and experience in working with addiction. Although, many workers leave the field after a few years and jobs need to be replaced. Those interested in entering this field should do some searching and find the right place suitable to your liking so you can enjoy helping others while earning a responsible living. References Occupational outlook handbook (2012-13 ed, pp, 192-194). Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorders Counselors. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor’s Pub. Division.

Narration in The Turn of the Screw Essay - 1606 Words

Narration in The Turn of the Screw Henry James makes the governess the narrator because she keeps the readers’ interest by also being involved in the story as a main character. However, being involved on this personal level, it can make the governess exaggerate at times and be over-emotional. Her determined and curious nature makes her an ideal candidate to explore the mysterious happenings, however her imagination keeps the reader in suspense, as we are never sure how much she has exaggerated the story. This also adds tension as the full picture is never revealed. This choice of narrator is therefore challenged by Susan Hill’s description that a narrator should be ‘unimaginative and straightforward’ as the governess’†¦show more content†¦James makes us think that there is something unusual about this, because the governess is imagining the master appearing like that to tell her she’s doing a good job, so her imagination becomes reality. However, it soon becomes clear that this was not the person she was imagining appearing, as he is not wearing a hat, something no gentleman would be without in Victorian times. Also it is dusk when he appears, and all of the birds stop singing and the scene is described as ‘stricken with death’ all of which create a suitable atmosphere for a spectre to appear in. The governess’s reaction to the sighting is to stand transfixed on the spot, as she cannot believe that her imagination may have become reality. She is scared, as it says she ‘stood stricken to the spot.’ However, she cannot take her eyes away from him, possibly because she doesn’t know whether he is real or a figment of her imagination. Also the fact that they are unchaperoned, and that Peter Quint is not wearing a hat, seems to shock her most of all, as she says ‘An unknown man in a lonely place is a permitted object of fear to a young woman privately bred.’, meaning that because they are alone together, and he is wearing no hat; a sign of familiarity, she has a good right to be scared. Henry James includes two ghosts, to increase suspense and tension, because of their relationship, suggesting that because they were colleagues, they may be plotting to do somethingShow MoreRelatedThe Governess in The Turn of the Screw Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most critically discussed works in twentieth-century American literature, The Turn of the Screw has inspired a variety of critical interpretations since its publication in 1898. Until 1934, the book was cons idered a traditional ghost story. Edmund Wilson, however, soon challenged that view with his assertions that The Turn of the Screw is a psychological study of the unstable governess whose visions of ghosts are merely delusions. Wilson’s essay initiated a critical debate concerning theRead More Archetype Myths in Turn of the Screw Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesArchetype Myths in Turn of the Screw In one surface reading of Henry James’s Turn of the Screw, the governess appears to be a victim of circumstance. Some critics however, say that she is not without blame in the turn of events that characterizes the story. They claim that leading to her demise are certain character flaws, such as envy and pride. In categorizing her character as such, this novella resonates several themes found throughout literature. In Northrop Frye’s essay The ArchetypesRead More The Turn of the Screw Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Turn of the Screw I must take my horrid plunge from the opening line sets the tone of the passage. 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These events are due to creations of the governess mind, her controlling intent to protect and overrule the children, and her unstableRead MoreThe Turn Of The Screw By Henry James1219 Words   |  5 PagesThe Turn of the Screw by Henry James (2010) is designed to have many interpretations in terms of its characters, chain of events and its narration. Many people believe the main idea of this narrative is whether it is apparitionist or non-apparitionist. They question the Governess’s abil ity to see ghosts. However, this paper will demonstrate that this narrative is in essence a love story regardless of supernatural events. Through the analysis of the frame, it is easy to accept that the Turn of theRead More The Turn of the Screw Essays1329 Words   |  6 PagesLove Between the Classes: An Analysis of Social Status Violation in The Turn of the Screw A Marxist reading of The Turn of the Screw by Henry James brings to light how social status differences and above all how the violation of these distinctions affect the story. The relationship between the governess and Miles is a clear example of this kind of transgression. As an unnamed character, the governess has an indefinite social status. She is neither an upper-class lady nor a simple servant. MoreoverRead MoreBly And The Mysteries Of Specter In Henry JamesThe Turn Of The Screw1677 Words   |  7 PagesBly and the Mysteries of Specter in Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw Henry James’ most controversial novella The Turn of the Screw was first published in 1898. The first person narration is well-known for its thrills, suspense, and the long-lasting uncertainties it leaves in the mind of readers. Its inexplicable screws and turns have generated arguments among critics, centuries after its publication, and the story has been analyzed from diverse perspectives – from psychological analysis to literaryRead MoreThe Turn Of The Screw By Henry James1379 Words   |  6 Pages A Screw Loose During the course of the novella, â€Å"The Turn of the Screw†, by Henry James, the governess continuously encounters ghosts that seemingly only appear to her. As the story progresses, the governess starts postulating a relationship between Miles, Flora, and the supposed corruptive ghosts. However, due to the fact that the ghosts are not seen when others are present at the time of the sightings indicate that they fail to exist. Moreover, through the evidence presented in the text, theRead MoreHenry James, the Art of Fiction and the Turn on the Screw3624 Words   |  15 PagesFiction, and how these reflect on his novel The Turn of the Screw. One of the most important points discussed by James in his essay is the idea of the fictionality of fiction. A novel as an art form to exist must contain the essence of reality; James goes even further by saying that a novel should be life itself. In order to achieve this purpose, the writer â€Å"must write from experience[1]. Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw is a framed narration; at the beginning we are introduced to a group ofRead More A Psychological Perspective of The Turn of the Screw Essay2107 Words   |  9 PagesPerspective of The Turn of the Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry James was one of the famous writers during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was known as an innovative and independent novelist. One of James novels, The Turn of the Screw (1898), has caused a lot of controversy among many critics, and each of them has had a particular interpretation. James creative writing built a close connection between his novel and his readers. The reactions of the readers toward The Turn of the Screw can be researched

Spinal Cord Trauma - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2752 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract Loss of sensory and motor function below the injury site is caused by trauma to the spinal cord. Approximately 10,000 people experience serious spinal cord injury each year. There are four general types of spinal cord injury, cord maceration and laceration, contusion and solid core injury. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Spinal Cord Trauma" essay for you Create order There are three phases of SCI response that occur after injury: the acute, secondary, and chronic. The most immediate concern is patient stabilization. Additionally interventions may be instituted in an effort to improve function and outcome. Through health, and future development one day there will be hope for recovery from the spinal cord injury. Introduction Loss of sensory and motor function below the injury site is caused by trauma to the spinal cord. As indicated by Huether McCance (2008) normal activity of the spinal cord cells at and below the level of injury ceases due to loss of continuous tonic discharge from the brain and brain stem. Depending on the extent of the injury reflex function below the point of injury may be completely lost. This involves all skeletal muscles, bladder, bowel, sexual function and autonomic control. In the past hope for recovery has been minimal. With medical advancements and better understanding today hope for recovery is better but still limited. Risk Factors and Incidence According to Huether McCance (2008) approximately 10,000 people experience serious spinal cord injury each year. 81% of those injuries are males with an average age of 33.4 years. As indicated by Hulsebosch (2002) the majority of injuries are divided into four separate groups; 44% of the injuries are young people sustained through motor vehicle crashes or other high energy traumatic accident; 18% are sustained through sports activities, and 24% are sustained through violence and 22% are sustained in the elderly population either through falls or cervical spinal stenosis caused by congenital narrowing or spondylosis. Categories of Injury According to Hulsebosch (2002) there are four general types of spinal cord injury: 1) cord maceration 2) cord laceration 3) contusion injury, and 4) solid cord injury. In the first two injuries, the surface of the cord is lacerated and a prominent connective tissue response is invoked, whereas in the latter two the spinal cord surface is not breached and the connective tissue component is minimal. The contusion injury represents from 25 to40% of all injuries and is a progressive injury that enlarges overtime. Cellular Level Physiology Hulsebosch (2002) gives us three phases of response directly after the injury of the spinal cord. The acute phase begins with the moment of injury and extends for the first few days. A variety of pathophysiological processes begins. There is immediate mechanical soft tissue damage, including endothelial cells of the vasculature. Cell death, resulting from mechanical forces and ischemic consequences is instantaneous. Over the next few minutes there are significant electrolytic shifts, intracellular concentrations of sodium increase. Extracellular concentrations of potassium increase. Intracellular levels of calcium increase to toxic levels that contribute to a failure in neural function. Electrolyte shifts cascade to a generalized demonstration of spinal shock, which is representative of a failure of circuitry in the spinal neural network. As indicated by Shewmon (1999) spinal shock is a transient functional depression of a structurally intact cord below the site of an acute spinal cord injury. It does not occur with slowly progressive lesions. Limited function or loss of function typically lasts two to six weeks followed by recovery of functions. The secondary phase occurs over the next few minutes to the next few weeks. Ischemic cellular death, electrolytic shifts, and edema continue. As a result of cell lysis extracellular concentrations of glutamate and other amino acids reach toxic concentrations within the first fifteen minutes after injury. Free-radical production amplifies. Neutrophils accumulate in the spinal parenchyma within 24 hours. Lymphocytes follow the neutrophils and reach their peak numbers within forty eight hours. Local concentrations of cytokines and chemokines increase as part of the inflammation process. As inflammation and ischemia proceed the injury site grows in size from the initial mechanical force response site into the area around the site, encompassing a larger region of cell death. Regeneration is inhibited by factors expressed within the dominos of responsive reactions. The chronic phase occurs over a time course of days to years. Cell death continues. The cord becomes scarred and tethered. Conduction deficits result from demyelination of the cord. Regeneration and emergence of axons is exhibited but inhibitory factors suppress any resultant growth. Alteration of neural circuits often results in chronic pain syndromes for many spinal cord injury patients. Therapeutic Management Spinal cord injury is diagnosed by physical examination, radiological exam, CT scans, MRI scans, and myelography. The most immediate concern in the management of an acute spinal cord injury is patient stabilization. The vertebral column is subject to surgical stabilization using variety of surgical rods, pins, and wires. Hardware must be meticulously placed. Surgical intervention has the potential to instigate additional spinal trauma. Hemostatic body systems must be supported through fluid resuscitation, medication management and electrolyte support. Additionally the following interventions may be instituted in an effort to improve function and outcome: Edema Reduction Reduction of the inflammatory response is one intervention of concentrating in the treatment of the acute spinal cord injury. Steroids have provided a primary tool to reduce edema and inflammation, the most successful of which is methylprednisolone (MP). According to Bracken (1993) the administration of a high dose of MP, if given within eight hours of the insult in patients with both complete and incomplete SCI, as proposed by the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS-2), has been promising with respect to improved clinical outcome. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MP improves function may involve antioxidant properties, the inhibition of inflammatory response, and/or a role in immunosuppression. Inhibition of Inflammation: by use of Anti-Inflammatory Agents Although inflammation is generally held to be are pair mechanism that is restorative in nature, recent work has demonstrated that the inflammatory cascade produces several pathways that are degradative in nature, such as the prostagland in pathways. Anti-inflammatory agents have been administered with successful limitation of the inflammatory process. As indicated by Hains, Yucra and Hulsebosch (2001) selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2inhibitors given systemically to spinal card injury patients have demonstrated significant improvements. Provision of inhibition of the enzyme activation sequence appears to be the safest medication action at this time. Application of either whole body hypothermia or local cord cooling appears to hold promise for those suffering from neuro trauma. Application of hypothermia, either spinally or systemically, is thought to provide protection for neural cells and to reduce secondary inflammation, decreasing immediate mortality. According to Haye s, Hsieh, Potter, Wolfe, Delaney, and Blight (1993) local spinal cord cooling within eight and a half hours of injury in ten patients produced a better-than-expected rate of recovery of sensory and motor function. Rescue from Neural Cell Death Cells die due to a programmed cell death after SCI. An excellent opportunity is present for intervention with factors that could rescue the cells at risk. As presented by Eldadah and Faden (2000) one approach to cell rescue is the inhibition of caspases. Caspases are regulated signalling proteases that that accomplish a primary role in mediating cell apoptosis thru division at specific sites within proteins. These proteins inhibit programmed cell death and are a part of the bcl-2 oncogene products. According to Shibata, Murray, Tessler, Ljubetic, Connors and Saavedra (2000) recent work has demonstrated prevention of retrograde cell loss and atrophy reduction by direct intra-spinal administration of the Bcl-2 protein into the damaged site. Another group of proteins with potential cell death inhibition properties are calpains. Calpains are calcium-activated proteases that assist in degradation of cytoskeletal demolition of injured cells. Substances with calpain inhibitor p roperties could prove of benefit in reduction of cell death. Demyelination and Conduction According to Waxman (2001) the strategy of inhibiting the neural injury induced by the increased barrage of action potentials early in the injury phase or by inhibiting the voltage-dependent sodium channels, which provide the ionic basis for the action potential may be beneficial. In addition, neural injury and disease may introduce altered ionic channel function on nerve processes that would result in impaired conduction properties, which produces persistent hyperexcitability leading to the basis for chronic pain after CNS neural trauma. As a result of secondary injury to the spinal cord many axons are demylinated. Infusion of a fast, voltage-sensitive potassium channel blocker may provide partial restoration of conduction properties to demylinated axons. As presented by Guest, Hiester and Bunge (2005) another strategy for the improvement in demyelinationis the transplantation of Schwann cells which may contribute to the restoration of myelin sheaths around some spinal axo ns. Promotion of Axonal Regeneration During development of the central nervous system, an assortment of axonal growth promoting proteins are present in the extracellular environment. The environment stimulates axon growth and neural development. Once the central nervous system is established the growth stimulating agents decline. The adult central nervous system shifts toward inhibition of axonal growth permitting a stable and circuitry. These inhibition and stimulatory factors provide an opportunity for research that will promote axonal growth after a spinal cord injury perhaps rebuilding a neural communication network. Cell Replacement Strategies After spinal cord injury function of nerve cells and cells that produce myelin that insulates and provides a positive impulse conduction venue has vanished. Cellular replacement to rebuild conduction properties is a promising therapy. As indicated by Normura, Tator and Shoichet (2006) there is promise that technology utilizing cellular treatment procedures including olfactory ensheathing cells, (the cells that form the myelin on olfactory nerves), Schwann cells (the cells that form the myelin on peripheral nerves), dorsalroot ganglia, adrenal tissue, and neural stem cells can promote repair of the injured spinal cord. It is postulated that these tissues would rescue, replace, or provide a regenerative pathway for injured adult neurons, which would then integrate or promote the regeneration of the spinal cord circuitry and restore function after injury. As indicated by Nakamura (2005) there is promise that bioengineering technology utilizing cellular treatment advances can p romote repair of the injured spinal cord. Transplantation of these cells promotes functional recovery of locomotion and reflex responses. The engineering of cells combines the therapeutic advantage of the cells along with a delivery system. For example, if delivery of neurotrophins (neuro- related to cell nerves, tropin- a turning) is desired, cells that secrete neutrophins and cells that create myelin can be engineered to stimulate axon growth and rebuild nerve function. In an effort to further enhance beneficial effects autoimmune agents such as macrophages can be extracted from the patients own system and inserted at the injury site. The patients own activated macrophages will scavenge degenerating myelin debris, rich in non-permissive factors, and at the same time encourage regenerative growth without eliciting an immune response. Retrain the Brain with Aggressive Physical Therapy It is apparent that recovery of locomotion is dependent on sensory input that can reawaken spinal circuits and activate central pattern generators in the spinal cord, as demonstrated by spontaneous stepping in the lower limbs of one patient. According to Calancie, Alexeeva, Broton and Molano (2005) it may take six or more months for reflexes to appear following acute SCI suggesting they might be due to new synaptic interconnections. Electrical Stimulation Functional electrical stimulation (FES) that contributes to improved standing can improve quality of life for the individual and the caregiver. There is considerable interest in computer-controlled FES for strengthening the lower extremities and for cardiovascular conditioning, which has met with some success in terms of physiological improvements such as increased muscle mass, improved blood flow, and better bladder and bowel function. With added benefit there are decreases in medical complications such as venous thrombosis, osteoporosis, and bone fractures. Stimulation of the phrenic nerve, which innervates the diaphragm, is used in cases where there is damage to respiratory pathways. Chronic Central Pain As indicated by Siddall Cousins (1997) pain continues to be a significant problem in patients with spinal cord injuries. There is little consensus regarding the terminology, definitions and nature of the pain. Treatment studies have lacked congruence due to inaccurate identification of pain types. There has been little progress in efforts to bring an understanding of the pathophysiology of CCP to the development of therapeutic approaches for the SCI patient population. Chronic central pain (CCP) syndromes develop in the majority of spinal cord injury patients. As indicated by Que, Siddall and Cousins (2007) chronic pain is a disturbing aspect of spinal cord injury, often interfering with basic activities, effective rehabilitation and the quality of life of the patient. Evidence that neurons in pain pathways are pathophysiologically altered after spinal cord injury comes from both clinical and animal literature. In addition, the development of the chronic pain state correl ates with structural alterations such as intra-spinal sprouting of primary afferent fibres. According to Que, Siddall and Cousins (2007) pain in the cord-injured patient is often resistant to treatment. Recognition of Chronic Central Pain has led to utilization of non-opioid analgesics. According to Siddall and Middleton (2006) Baclofen, once used exclusively in treatment of spasticity and the anticonvulsant gabapentin originally used to treat epilepsy, have had some success with attenuating muskuloskeletal CCP syndromes. The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline has shown effective in treatment of dysesthetic pain. Conclusion Stem cell therapy will offer hope for spinal cord injury patients with opportunities for the abundance of cell replacement strategies. Advances in the field of electronic circuitry will lead to better FES and robotic devices. Pharmacological advances offer intervention direction to aid in recovery and improve patients quality of life every day. The re-establishment of cell, nerve and muscle communication interconnections will be potentially possible. Through tenacity, health, and future development one day victims of spinal cord injury will be told there is hope of recovery. References American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Bracken, M.B., Holford, T.R. (1993). Effects of timing of methylprednisolone or naloxone administration on recovery of segmental and long-tract neurological function in NASCIS 2. Journal of Neurosurgery. 79(4), 500-7. Bunge, R.P., Puckett, W.R., and Hiester, E.D. (1997). Observations on the pathology of several types of human spinal cord injury, with emphasis on the astrocyte response to penetrating injuries. Adv Neurol.72, 305-315. Calancie, B., Alexeeva, N., Broton, J.G., Molano, M.R. (2005). Interlimb reflex activity after spinal cord injury in man: strengthening response patterns are consistent with ongoing synaptic plasticity. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 116(1), 75-86. Eldadah, B.A., Faden, A.I. (2000). Caspase pathwa ys, neuronal apoptosis, and CNS injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 17(10), 811-29. Guest, J.D., Hiester, E.D., Bunge, R.P. (2005). Demyelination and Schwann cell responses adjacent to injury epicenter cavities following chronic human spinal cord injury. Experimental Neurology. 192(2), 384-93. Hains, B.C., Yucra, J.A., Hulsebosch, C.E. (2001). Reduction of pathological and behavioral deficits following spinal cord contusion injury with the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398. Journal of Neurotrauma. 18(4), 409-23. Hayes, K.C., Hsieh, J.T., Potter, P.J., Wolfe, D.L., Delaney, G.A., Blight, A.R. (1993). Effects of induced hypothermia on somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 31(11), 730-41. Huether, S.E., McCance, K.L. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. Hulsebosch, C.E. (2002). Recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment of spinal cord injury. Advan. Physiol.Edu. 2 6, 238-255 Nakamura, M., Okano, H., Toyama, Y., Dai, H.N., Finn, T.P., Bregman, B.S. (2005). Transplantation of embryonic spinal cord-derived neurospheres support growth of supraspinal projections and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in the neonatal rat. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 81(4), 457-68. Nomura, H., Tator, C.H., Shoichet, M.S. (2006). Bioengineered strategies for spinal cord repair. Journal of Neurotrauma. 23(3-4), 496-507. Que, J.C., Siddall, P.J., Cousins, M.J. (2007). Pain management in a patient with intractable spinal cord injury pain: a case report and literature review. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 105(5), 1462-73, table of contents. Shewmon, D.A. (1999). Spinal shock and brain death: somatic pathophysiological equivalance and implications for the integrative-unity rationale. Spinal Cord 37, 313-324 Shibata, M., Murray M., Tessler, A., Ljubetic, C., Connors, T., Saavedra, R.A. (2000). Single injections of a DNA plasmid that conta ins the human Bcl-2 gene prevent loss and atrophy of distinct neuronal populations after spinal cord injury in adult rats. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 14(4), 319-30. Siddall, P.J., Middleton, J.W. (2006). A proposed algorithm for the management of pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 44, 67-77 Tator, C.H. (1998). Biology of neurological recovery and functional restoration after spinal card injury. Neurosurgery. 42(4), 696-707 Waxman, S.G. (2001). Acquired channelopathies in nerve injury and MS. Neurology. 56(12), 1621-7.